Dear Jordan,
The best suitable grade of cement for structural members such as columns and pillar depends upon the design. Which type of cement is considered at the time of the design of these structural members? For general construction, it is recommended to use 43-grade cement as the 53-grade cement is used for fast-paced construction, rapid setting and it requires proper care while curing. Grades of Ordinary Portland Cement-Based on IS Codes
Either you use natural sand or M-sand, there is no such difference in the strength of the concrete.
Lastly regarding the curing time, the curing period for any concrete member shall be 28days.
Curing of Cement Concrete -Time and Duration